Enhance Your Learning with Volcanoes and Earthquakes Flash Cards for quick learning
A vent in the Earth's crust through which molten rock, ash, and gases are ejected during a volcanic eruption.
A tall, cone-shaped volcano composed of alternating layers of lava and ash. Also known as stratovolcano.
A broad, gently sloping volcano formed by the accumulation of low-viscosity basaltic lava flows.
A small, steep-sided volcano formed by the accumulation of volcanic debris, such as cinders and ash.
A fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter that flows down the slope of a volcano during an explosive eruption.
A destructive mudflow composed of volcanic ash, water, and debris that flows down the slopes of a volcano.
Fine particles of fragmented volcanic rock and glass that are ejected into the atmosphere during a volcanic eruption.
Large, rounded projectiles of molten or semi-molten rock that are ejected during a volcanic eruption.
A major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.
A region where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another, often resulting in volcanic activity and earthquakes.
A fracture in the Earth's crust along which movement has occurred, resulting in the formation of earthquakes.
The point within the Earth where an earthquake originates.
The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
An instrument used to measure and record the vibrations caused by an earthquake.
A logarithmic scale used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake based on the amplitude of seismic waves.
A series of ocean waves caused by an underwater earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide.
A major fault in California that extends about 800 miles and is a significant source of earthquakes.
An active stratovolcano located in Italy, famous for its eruption in 79 AD that buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
A volcanic island located in Indonesia, known for its catastrophic eruption in 1883 that caused tsunamis and global climate effects.
The largest recorded earthquake in history, with a magnitude of 9.5, which occurred in Chile in 1960.
A major earthquake that struck San Francisco in 1906, resulting in widespread destruction and loss of life.
An active stratovolcano located in Washington, USA, known for its explosive eruption in 1980 that caused significant damage.
A hypothetical major earthquake expected to occur along the San Andreas Fault in California.
A phenomenon that occurs during volcanic eruptions, where lightning is produced due to the presence of ash particles and electrical charges.
A period of global cooling caused by volcanic eruptions, where ash and gases released into the atmosphere block sunlight and lower temperatures.
Elastic waves that travel through the Earth's interior during an earthquake, including primary, secondary, and surface waves.
Large, rigid pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle and move due to plate tectonics.
Primary wave, also known as compressional wave, is the fastest seismic wave that travels through solids, liquids, and gases.
Secondary wave, also known as shear wave, is a seismic wave that travels only through solids and is slower than P-waves.
A seismic wave that travels along the Earth's surface and causes the most damage during an earthquake.
A measure of the energy released by an earthquake, often expressed using the Richter scale or moment magnitude scale.
A smaller earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake, usually in the same area and within a short period of time.
The occurrence of earthquakes and related phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions and ground shaking.
Gases released during volcanic eruptions, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and other toxic gases.
Molten rock that erupts from a volcano and flows on the Earth's surface, eventually solidifying into igneous rock.
A location on the Earth's surface where a volcanic eruption has occurred or is likely to occur due to a mantle plume.
A bowl-shaped depression at the summit of a volcano, formed by the explosive ejection of volcanic material.
The scientific study of earthquakes and seismic waves, including their causes, effects, and distribution.
The edge where two tectonic plates meet, which can be a site of intense geological activity, including earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
An opening in the Earth's crust through which volcanic material, such as lava and gases, is emitted.
The deposition of volcanic ash on the ground, which can cause respiratory problems, damage to crops, and disruption of transportation.
The potential for an area to experience damaging earthquakes, based on factors such as tectonic activity and historical seismicity.
Natural springs that are heated by volcanic activity, often rich in minerals and used for therapeutic purposes.
The process of strengthening existing structures to make them more resistant to earthquake damage.
A large, basin-shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano after a massive eruption or the emptying of a magma chamber.
A measure of the effects of an earthquake at a particular location, based on observed damage and ground shaking.
Underground tunnels formed by flowing lava, which can provide shelter and serve as conduits for lava during eruptions.
The continuous observation and recording of seismic activity using seismometers and other instruments.
A cloud of volcanic ash and gases that is ejected into the atmosphere during a volcanic eruption and can pose hazards to aviation.
A geophysical technique used to image subsurface structures by measuring the reflection of seismic waves at different layers.
Fragmented volcanic material, such as ash, lapilli, and volcanic bombs, that is ejected during a volcanic eruption.
A technique used to create three-dimensional images of the Earth's interior based on the travel times of seismic waves.
A segment of an active fault zone that has not experienced a significant earthquake for a long period of time, indicating a higher likelihood of future seismic activity.