History The Indian Independence Movement Questions Medium
The Indian Independence Movement can be divided into several phases, each marked by different strategies, leaders, and events. These phases are as follows:
1. Moderate Phase (1885-1905): This phase began with the formation of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885. The early leaders of the INC, known as moderates, aimed to seek constitutional reforms and increase Indian representation in the British administration. They believed in peaceful protests, petitions, and negotiations with the British government.
2. Extremist Phase (1905-1919): The extremist phase emerged in response to the partition of Bengal in 1905, which sparked widespread protests. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai advocated for more radical methods, including boycotts, strikes, and mass movements. The extremists demanded swaraj (self-rule) and actively promoted the idea of complete independence from British rule.
3. Gandhian Phase (1919-1947): This phase is characterized by the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, who introduced nonviolent civil disobedience as a powerful tool for achieving independence. Gandhi's methods included satyagraha (truth force), noncooperation, and peaceful protests. The Salt March in 1930 and the Quit India Movement in 1942 were significant events during this phase.
4. Post-Gandhian Phase (1947 onwards): This phase began with India's independence in 1947 and the subsequent partition, which led to the creation of India and Pakistan. The focus shifted towards nation-building, consolidating independence, and addressing the challenges of communal tensions, economic development, and social reforms.
It is important to note that these phases are not strictly chronological, and there were overlaps and interactions between them. Additionally, various regional movements and leaders also played a significant role in the Indian Independence Movement, contributing to its diverse nature.