Permutations And Combinations Study Cards

Enhance Your Learning with Permutations and Combinations Flash Cards for quick learning



Permutation

An arrangement of objects in a specific order.

Combination

A selection of objects without considering the order.

Factorial

The product of all positive integers less than or equal to a given positive integer.

Permutation Formula

The formula to calculate the number of permutations of n objects taken r at a time: P(n, r) = n! / (n - r)!

Combination Formula

The formula to calculate the number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time: C(n, r) = n! / (r! * (n - r)!)

Fundamental Counting Principle

A principle that states that if there are m ways to do one thing and n ways to do another, then there are m * n ways to do both.

Permutations with Repetition

Permutations where some elements are repeated.

Combinations with Repetition

Combinations where some elements are repeated.

Permutations of Multisets

Permutations of sets with repeated elements.

Combinations of Multisets

Combinations of sets with repeated elements.

Probability and Permutations

Using permutations to calculate probabilities.

Probability and Combinations

Using combinations to calculate probabilities.

Circular Permutations

Permutations where the order matters but the starting point is fixed.

Derangements

Permutations where no element appears in its original position.

Pigeonhole Principle

A principle that states that if there are more pigeons than pigeonholes, then at least one pigeonhole must contain more than one pigeon.

Binomial Coefficient

The coefficient of a term in the expansion of a binomial raised to a positive integer power.

Pascal's Triangle

A triangular array of numbers where each number is the sum of the two numbers directly above it.

Stars and Bars

A method used to count the number of ways to distribute identical objects into distinct groups.

Inclusion-Exclusion Principle

A principle used to count the number of elements in the union of multiple sets.

Generating Functions

A way to represent a sequence of numbers as a power series.

Stirling Numbers

Numbers that arise in combinatorial mathematics and calculus.

Catalan Numbers

Numbers that arise in various counting problems.

Burnside's Lemma

A lemma used to count the number of distinct colorings of a mathematical object under a group of symmetries.

Polya's Enumeration Theorem

A theorem used to count the number of distinct colorings of a mathematical object under a group of symmetries.

Combinatorial Designs

Arrangements of objects that satisfy certain conditions.

Latin Squares

A square grid filled with symbols, each occurring exactly once in each row and column.

Block Designs

A set of subsets of a given set, each of the same size, such that each element of the given set is contained in the same number of subsets.

Graph Theory

The study of mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects.

Hamiltonian Cycle

A cycle in a graph that visits each vertex exactly once.

Eulerian Cycle

A cycle in a graph that visits each edge exactly once.

Planar Graph

A graph that can be drawn on a plane without any edges crossing.

Chromatic Number

The minimum number of colors needed to color the vertices of a graph so that no two adjacent vertices have the same color.

Ramsey Number

The minimum number of vertices in a graph such that every possible edge coloring results in a certain property.

Combinatorial Optimization

The process of finding the best solution from a finite set of possible solutions.

Traveling Salesman Problem

A problem in which a salesman needs to find the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the starting city.

Knapsack Problem

A problem in which a set of items with certain values and weights must be selected to maximize the total value while keeping the total weight below a certain limit.

Graph Coloring Problem

A problem in which the vertices of a graph must be colored using a minimum number of colors so that no two adjacent vertices have the same color.

Combinatorial Game Theory

The study of mathematical games with perfect information and no chance elements.

Nim

A two-player mathematical game in which players take turns removing objects from distinct piles.

Sprague-Grundy Theorem

A theorem that assigns a nimber to each position in a combinatorial game, determining its outcome.

Combinatorial Geometry

The study of geometric arrangements of objects, often involving counting and optimization problems.

Convex Hull

The smallest convex polygon that contains all the given points.

Voronoi Diagram

A partitioning of a plane into regions based on the distance to a specified set of points.

Combinatorial Chemistry

A technique used in drug discovery and materials science to rapidly synthesize and screen large numbers of chemical compounds.

Combinatorial Auction

An auction in which bidders can place bids on combinations of items rather than just individual items.

Combinatorial Explosion

A phenomenon in which the number of possible combinations or permutations grows rapidly as the size of the problem increases.

Combinatorial Proof

A proof that uses combinatorial arguments to establish the truth of a mathematical statement.

Combinatorial Identity

An equation that relates different combinatorial quantities.

Combinatorial Optimization Problem

A problem in which the goal is to find the best solution from a finite set of possible solutions.

Combinatorial Circuit

A digital circuit that performs combinatorial logic operations.